Research Sources

PlastiScan estimates are based on 27 peer-reviewed studies published in scientific journals.

Database v2.0.0 · Last updated 2026-03-25

Milne, R.I. et al. (2024)

Microplastic contamination of retail foods: A systematic analysis of proteins

Environmental Science & Technology

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Oliveri Conti, G. et al. (2020)

Micro- and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables. The first diet risks assessment for the European consumers

Environmental Research

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Dessì, C. et al. (2021)

Microplastic contamination in rice: Occurrence, characterization and exposure assessment in different rice varieties

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Kim, J.S. et al. (2018)

Global public trust in measurements of microplastic contamination in sea salt

Environmental Science & Technology

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Qian, N. et al. (2024)

Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy

Science Advances

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Cox, K.D. et al. (2019)

Human consumption of microplastics

Environmental Science & Technology

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Hernandez, L.M. et al. (2019)

Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea

Environmental Science & Technology

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Hussain, K.A. et al. (2023)

Potential ingestion of micro- and nano-plastics from food and drinking water: A systematic review and assessment of associated health risks in humans

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Luo, Z. et al.; Yadav, S. et al. (2023)

Microplastic release from plastic cutting boards during food preparation; Microplastics from cutting boards

Environmental Science & Technology; Science of the Total Environment

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Visentin, E. et al. (2025)

Microplastic contamination of dairy products from Italian supermarkets

npj Science of Food

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Battaglini, E. et al. (2024)

Microplastic contamination of edible oils from Italian and Spanish markets

Food Chemistry

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Guo, X. et al. (2023)

Microplastic contamination of bottled edible oils

Current Research in Food Science

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Al-Mansoori, Harrad & Abdallah (2025)

Microplastics in condiments and sweeteners from UK markets

Environmental Research

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Chaïb, S. et al. (2025)

Microplastic contamination of beverages from French markets

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis

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Kadac-Czapska, K. et al. (2024)

Microplastics in infant formula and milk powder products

Food Chemistry

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Li, D. et al. (2020)

Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation

Nature Food

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Systematic review (Applied Sciences) (2025)

Microplastic contamination of dairy products: a systematic review

Applied Sciences

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Various (Science of the Total Environment) (2024)

PTFE release from non-stick cookware during food preparation

Science of the Total Environment

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Da Costa Filho, P.A. et al. (2021)

Detection and characterization of small-sized microplastics (≥5 µm) in milk products

Scientific Reports

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Zhang, Y. et al. (2026)

Microplastics in commercial ice cream products

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

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Visentin, E. et al. (2024)

Microplastics in skim-milk powders from 8 European countries

Journal of Dairy Science

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Aysha, M.I. et al. (2024)

Microplastic contamination in wheat flour from Dhaka, Bangladesh

ScienceDirect

DOI not available

Bai, C.L. et al. (2022)

Microplastics in take-out food containers and their contamination of food

Environmental Research

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Abdallah, M.A.E. et al. (2025)

Microplastics in hot and cold beverages from UK retailers

Science of the Total Environment

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Wang, Z. et al. (2023)

Microplastics released from drip coffee bag packaging

Food Chemistry

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Akhbarizadeh, R. et al. (2020)

Microplastics in canned fish: prevalence and characterization

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Pirsaheb, M. et al. (2024)

Microplastics in processed meat products (sausages)

Heliyon

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Detection Tiers

Particle counts from different tiers are NOT directly comparable. Higher-resolution methods detect more particles in the same sample.

A≥45 μm detectionConservative, well-confirmed. Milne et al. protein data, Battaglini oils.
B~10-100 μm detectionModerate threshold. Salt, dairy, condiments, beverages.
C1–5 μm detectionMuch smaller particles detected. Oliveri Conti produce, Li baby bottles.
DSub-1 μm / nanoplasticNano-scale detection. Qian bottled water, Hernandez tea bags.
MMass-based, not particle countDifferent measurement unit entirely. Dessì rice data.

This database is maintained for educational and estimation purposes. Actual microplastic concentrations vary by region, brand, and preparation method. All data is sourced from published, peer-reviewed research.